Orígenes y desarrollo de una política científica nacional en Chile: Conicyt, 1967-1981 / Origins and development of a national scientific policy in Chile: Conicyt, 1967-1981

Resumen En 1967, la fundación de la Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica constituyó un hito al crearse un organismo nacional y público, distinto al universitario, que coordinó y financió la actividad científica-tecnológica, vinculándola al desarrollo productivo en Chile, y a la historia de los consejos de investigación latinoamericanos. La Comisión lideró un exigente proceso al debatir los contenidos de una política científica en un periodo en que Chile experimentó modelos de desarrollo político-económico opuestos que condicionaron su formulación y objetivos. Este artículo caracteriza los orígenes y desarrollo de esta comisión desde 1967 hasta 1981, cuando al crearse el Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología se inicia una nueva etapa institucional.

Abstract In 1967, the founding of the Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Conicyt) constituted a milestone by creating a national and public body, different from the university, which coordinated and financed scientific-technological activity, linked to the productive development in Chile, and the history of Latin American research councils. Conicyt led a demanding process by debating the contents of a scientific policy in a period in which Chile experienced opposing political-economic development models that conditioned its formulation and objectives. This article characterizes the origins and development of this commission from 1967 to 1981 when the Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología was created and a new institutional stage began.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha: a review

The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride-containing products such as medical and consumer goods. Humans can easily be exposed to it because DEHP is ubiquitous in the environment. Recent research on the adverse effects of DEHP has focused on reproductive and developmental toxicity in rodents and/or humans. DEHP is a representative of the peroxisome proliferators. Therefore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-dependent pathways are the expected mode of action of several kinds of DEHP-induced toxicities. In this review, we summarize DEHP kinetics and its mechanisms of carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity in relation to PPARα. Additionally, we give an overview of the impacts of science policy on exposure sources.

Going Beyond Academic Integrity Might Broaden our Understanding of Plagiarism in Science Education: A Perspective from a Study in Brazil

ABSTRACT Fostering innovation and creativity is a priority in the science and education policy agenda of most countries, which have advocated that innovative minds and processes will boost scientific and economic growth. While our knowledge society has embraced this view, fostering creativity is among the major challenges faced by educators and policymakers. For example, plagiarism, which may be considered a form of imitation and repetition, is a global concern at schools and universities. However, most discussions focus on academic integrity, which, we believe, leaves some gaps in the approach to the problem. As part of an ongoing project on plagiarism, science and education policy, we show results from a survey sent to 143 high-school science teachers at one of the most highly regarded federal schools in Brazil. Among respondents (n=42), about 50% admit that students plagiarize in assignments. Additionally, many of these educators suggest that the way biology, chemistry and physics are taught at school stimulates more repetition than creativity. Our findings are consistent with the need for a broader perspective on plagiarism and with initiatives to stimulate creativity and critical thinking among students. Although we offer a perspective from Brazil, it may illuminate current discussions on plagiarism, particularly in emerging countries.

The Measurement of New Drug R&D Achievement Transformation Based on the Analysis of the Correlation among Science, Technology and Product as Well as the Enlightenment / 医学信息学杂志

Based on the translational research measurement and backtracking model put forward in this paper,it takes the new drug approved to enter into the market by American FDA from 2006-2015 as the fundamental data to measure the knowledge relations among new drug products-core patent-scientific paper-fund assistance,and puts forward the policies and suggestions for promoting innovation of pharmaceutical products in China.

Dilemas da política científica da educação física brasileira em tempos de produtivismo acadêmico / Dilemmas of science policy in Brazil's Physical Education in times of academic productivism / Los dilemas de la Educación Física científica política en tiempos de productivismo académico brasileño

A pretensão deste ensaio é discutir sucintamente os dilemas da política científica da Educação Física brasileira em tempos de produtivismo acadêmico, particularmente a que se desenvolve no âmbito da pós-graduação stricto sensu. A partir da análise do panorama da pós-graduação brasileira, visualizamos o processo de reconfiguração da Capes e da Universidade brasileira nos últimos anos, no qual destacamos os indicadores "otimistas" da política científica dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física - PPGEF, como também os aspectos preocupantes para a área. Diante desse quadro e no intuito de instigar o debate, apontamos então algumas possibilidades existentes na Educação Física

The essay aims to conduct a brief discussion on the political dilemmas faced by Brazil's science policy for physical education in times of academic productivism, particularly the one developing in the context of "stricto sensu" post-graduate programs. After an overview of Brazilian Graduate Studies, we look at reconfiguration process of CAPES and Brazilian universities in recent years, where we point out "optimistic" indicators of science policy of postgraduate programs in Physical Education as well as troubling aspects in the area. Given that situation and in order to raise debate, we point out some possibilities in Physical Education

La intención de este trabajo es analizar brevemente los dilemas políticos de la Educación Física científica en tiempos de productivismo académico brasileño, en especial aquel que se desarrolla en el contexto de postgrado stricto sensu. En el panorama de los cursos de postgrado, visualizamos el proceso de reconfiguración de la Capes y la universidad brasileña en los últimos años, donde se destacan los indicadores de la política optimista de los programas de postgrado científicos en la Educación Física - PPGEF, así como los aspectos problemáticos de la zona. Frente a esta situación, y con el fin de provocar el debate, se ha señalado algunas posibilidades de la Educación Física

Addressing conflicts of interest in the research paper: a societal demand in contemporary science?

In the last decade, dialogue between science and society has found a forum in an increasing number of publications on topics such as public engagement with science and public trust in science. Concerning the latter, issues that include cases of research misconduct, accountability in research, and conflicts of interest (COIs) have shaped global discussions on the communication of science. In the publication setting, the perception that hiding COIs and/or not managing them well may affect public trust in the research record has grown among editors. We conducted a search for editorials addressing COIs between 1989 and 2011, using four major databases: Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge. We explored the content of these editorials and the relationship they established between COIs and the public trust in science. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between disclosure of COIs and public trust in science has become a major concern among editors. We, thus, argue that COIs should be discussed more openly and frequently in graduate courses in the sciences, around the globe, not only in biomedical but also in non-biomedical areas. This is a critical issue in contemporary science, as graduate students are the future voices and decision-makers of the research community. Therefore, COIs, especially in the broader context of science and society, merit closer attention from policymakers, researchers, and educators. At times of great expectations for public engagement with science, mishandling of COIs may have undesirable consequences for public engagement with science and confidence in the scientific endeavor.

On toxic effects of scientific journals.

The advent of online publishing greatly facilitates the dissemination of scientific results. This revolution might have led to the untimely death of many traditional publishing companies, since today’s scientists are perfectly capable of writing, formatting and uploading files to appropriate websites that can be consulted by colleagues and the general public alike. They also have the intellectual resources to criticize each other and organize an anonymous peer review system. The Open Access approach appears promising in this respect, but we cannot ignore that it is fraught with editorial and economic problems. A few powerful publishing companies not only managed to survive, but also rake up considerable profits. Moreover, they succeeded in becoming influential ‘trendsetters’ since they decide which papers deserve to be published. To make money, one must set novel trends, like Christian Dior or Levi’s in fashion, and open new markets, for example in Asia. In doing so, the publishers tend to supplant both national and transnational funding agencies in defining science policy. In many cases, these agencies tend simply to adopt the commercial criteria defined by the journals, forever eager to improve their impact factors. It is not obvious that the publishers of scientific journals, the editorial boards that they appoint, or the people who sift through the vast numbers of papers submitted to a handful of ‘top’ journals are endowed with sufficient insight to set the trends of future science. It seems even less obvious that funding agencies should blindly follow the fashion trends set by the publishers. The perverse relationships between private publishers and public funding agencies may have a toxic effect on science policy.

Brazilian social psychology in the international context: a commentary / A Psicologia social brasileira no cenário internacional: um comentário

The present paper is a commentary on the talks given by Torres and Álvaro and by Krüger regarding Brazilian Social Psychology in the international context. Starting with a brief contrast with the situation in Portugal, this commentary next approaches, in a synthetic way, questions that cut across social psychology in the international setting, namely, those related with the recurrent dichotomy individual/collective, the great advances in social neuroscience, the study of minorities, the scarcity of psychosocial research about colonialism, and lastly, contemporary issues of science and educational policy.

Faz-se aqui um comentário às intervenções de Torres e Álvaro e de Krüger sobre a Psicologia Social brasileira no cenário internacional. Começando por estabelecer um breve contraste com a situação em Portugal, de seguida este comentário aborda, de forma sintética, questões transversais à psicologia social no cenário internacional, designadamente as que se relacionam com a recorrente dicotomia individual/coletivo, os enormes avanços na neurociência social, o estudo das minorias, a escassez de estudos psicossociais sobre o colonialismo e, por último, questões contemporâneas de política científica e de ensino.

Entre internacionalización y consolidación de comunidades académicas locales: sobre la Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología / Entre internalização e consolidação de comunidades locais: sobre a Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología / Between internationalization and consolidation of local academic communities: considerations regarding the Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología

Con el fin de sustentar empíricamente la relevancia que ha tenido la Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología (RLP) en la comunidad de la psicología colombiana, se presentan los resultados de un estudio bibliométrico de consumo interno, externo y de coautorías, que abordó los artículos de origen colombiano entre 1969 y 2008. Los resultados sugieren que, a pesar de su excelencia editorial y científica, esta publicación ha tenido una discreta implicación en el desarrollo de comunidades locales de psicología. Se plantean inquietudes respecto a la agenda de internacionalización de la ciencia promovida por el Sistema Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, en la cual publicaciones como la RLP se muestran como modelos a seguir.

The article presents the results of a bibliometric study of internal and external consumption and co-authorship of articles written by Colombians between 1969 and 2008, in order to provide empirical evidence of the role played by the Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología in the development of the psychological science community in Colombia. Results suggest that despite the publication’s scientific and editorial excellence, it had little involvement in the development of local psychological science communities. The article expresses some concerns regarding the agenda for the internationalization of science promoted by the Colombian National System of Science and Technology, in which publications such as the Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología are taken as models.

Com o objetivo de sustentar empiricamente a relevância que vem tendo a Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología (RLP) na comunidade da psicologia colombiana, apresentam-se os resultados de um estudo bibliométrico de consumo interno, externo e de coautorias, que abordou os artigos de origem colombiana entre 1969 e 2008. Os resultados sugerem que, apesar de sua excelência editorial e científica, esta publicação tem uma discreta implicação no desenvolvimento de comunidades locais de psicologia. São expostas inquietações a respeito da agenda de internacionalização da ciência promovida pelo Sistema Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, na qual publicações como a RLP se mostram como modelos a seguir.

Cinquenta anos de produção do conhecimento: práticas políticas da pesquisa em Psicologia / Fifty years of production of knowledge: political practices of research in Psychology / Cincuenta años de producción del conocimiento: prácticas políticas de la pesquisa en Psicología

A Psicologia, em seus cinquenta anos de regulamentação no Brasil, torna-se um saber difundido por suas intervenções: no campo, na formulação de políticas públicas e na produção de conhecimento acadêmico. A proposta deste artigo é pensar acerca das tensões que emergem no ato de pesquisar e sobre os efeitos produzidos por esse ato, ao mesmo tempo em que a transformação da realidade e as implicações éticas do pesquisador se mostram presentes diante de tais processos. Por meio dessas análises, novas perguntas são elaboradas para o campo de produção do conhecimento, convidando os leitores a considerar o ato de pesquisar como prática política. Entende-se o processo de produção de conhecimento a partir de linhas móveis de visibilidade e de enunciação que se compõem em redes, nas quais o pesquisador não é neutro, mas realiza escolhas associadas a afetos, tensões e desejos. O papel da pesquisa é colocado em análise, sob a ótica da produção de efeitos e da ciência como prática nômade e híbrida...

Psychology, in fifty years of regulation in Brazil, became a widespread knowledge for its activities: in the field, in the formulation of public policies, and in the production of academic knowledge. The purpose of this article is to discuss the tensions and the effects that emerge in the act of searching, with reference to the cartography as a method. Through these analyzes, new questions are introduced to the field of production of knowledge, inviting the readers to think about the act of searching as a political practice. The process of knowledge production is understood from mobile ways of visibility and enunciation that make up networks, in which the researcher is not neutral, but makes choices associated with emotions, tensions and desires. The principal function of research is analyzed from the standpoint of effect production and science as a nomadic and hybrid practice...

La Psicología, en sus cincuenta años de reglamentación en el Brasil, se torna un saber difundido por sus intervenciones: en el campo, en la formulación de políticas públicas y en la producción de conocimiento académico. La propuesta de este artículo es pensar acerca de las tensiones que emergen en el acto de pesquisar y sobre los efectos producidos por ese acto, al mismo tiempo en que la transformación de la realidad y las implicaciones éticas del investigador se muestran presentes delante de tales procesos. Por medio de esos análisis, nuevas preguntas son elaboradas para el campo de producción del conocimiento, invitando a los lectores a considerar el acto de pesquisar como práctica política. Se entiende el proceso de producción de conocimiento a partir de líneas móviles de visibilidad y de enunciación que se componen en redes, en las cuales el investigador no es neutro, sino que realiza elecciones asociadas a afectos, tensiones y deseos. El papel de la pesquisa es colocado en análisis, bajo la óptica de la producción de efectos y de la ciencia como práctica nómade e híbrida...